Edinburgh
Castle -
a
Legacy
and a
Memorial

St Michael, carving suspended from the roof.
Most
people of
Scottish
origin
will
have
seen
the
towering
edifice
of
Edinburgh
Castle
either in
photographs, travel
magazines
when
planning
the
trip
to
the
ancestral
home or
on film
or
television
when
the
Edinburgh
Tattoo
is
taking
place.
But it
is
not only
a
legacy
from
turbulent
times but
also
the
site
of
the
Scottish
National
War
Memorial
The
origin of
the
castle
goes
back
to
Edwin, the
seventh
century
king
of
Northumbria
who
probably
had
a
fortress
on the
rock.
Malcolm
III
of
Scotland
erected a
wooden
fort
on
the rock
in
the 11th
century
and later
kings
built
stone
walls
with
inner
buildings. Several
times
the
castle
was
held
by
the
English, Edward I
used
a
form of
the
Roman
ballista
or
catapult to
hurl
rocks
at
the walls
and
seized
it in 1296. In 1313
it
was taken
by
a party
of
30 Scots
who
scaled
the
walls
and caught
the
guard
by
surprise. While Robert the
Bruce
dismantled
it
only for
Edward
III
of
England
to
rebuild
it in
1337.
The
castle
has
been
the
scene
for
many
a
gruesome
event and
also
of
daring.
In 1440
the
young Earl
of
Douglas
and his
brother
were
lured
there
for
a
banquet
and were
seized
and
beheaded. Some
fifty
years
later the
Duke
of
Albany escaped over
the
battlements
using
a
knotted
rope - he
must have
been a brave man,
and probably desperate, as
it
is an
awful
long
way straight
down !.
It was
here
that Mary
Queen
of
Scots
gave
birth to
the
future
King
James VI
(James
the
First
of
England )
on 19 June 1566.
She is
alleged
to
have said
`This is the son
who
shall first unite
the
two
kingdoms
of
Scotland and
England `
- her wish
came
true
in
1603. The
castle
was
the
scene
for
a desperate
defence
by
British
soldiers
when the
Jacobite
rebels
seized
Edinburgh
in
1745. Within
the
castle
walls there
are
today
several
important
buildings including
the
Great
Hall
with its
collection
of
weapons
and
armour. The
Honours
of
Scotland
as they
are
called - the
Crown, Sceptre
and
Sword
of
State together
with
the Stone
of
Scone are
in
the Crown
Room. And, of
course, there is
the
famous
One
o`clock
Gun
which
is
fired
every day
except
Sunday
at
precisely
1.00 pm.
With such
a
history
it is
little
wonder
that
the
Castle
was
used
for
military
purposes
until
the
end
of
the First
World
War. But
even
before
the
Armistice
was
signed it
had
been
decided
that
the
castle
would
not
be
needed
for a
large
body
of
troops
after the
war. In July
1919
the
recommendation
was
made
that
there
should
be
a
dedicated
shrine on
the
Castle
Rock
although
it was
not
until
1924
that
the
work
got
under
way.
A
great
deal of
planning
went
into
the
project and
old
materials
from
demolished
buildings
were
combined
with
the
best
of
Scottish
arts and
crafts
to
create
what is
undeniably
a
worthy
memorial
to some
100,000
Scots
who
perished
in
the Great
War.
Mere
words
cannot
describe
the
quality
of the
workmanship
that
went
into
the
structure, the
sculptured
stoneworks, the
stained
glass
windows, nor
a
magnificent
bronze
frieze.
There
are
two
essentially
different
parts
to
the
Memorial
- the
Hall
of
Honour
which is
a focus
for
record
and
remembrance; and, the
Shrine
which
is
for the
more personal
prayer
and
remembrance
of
loved
ones.
Each has
its
own
quite
unique
features.
The
Shrine
contains
the
Casket, made by Thomas Hadden and donated by
their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary, is set
upon
the
bare
rock
tip
that
is
the castle
foundation.
In the Casket are
the
Rolls
of
Honour of
the
regiments. Overlooking
all, carved
in
Scottish
oak and
suspended
from
the
ceiling
is
a
magnificent
figure
of
the
Archangel St
Michael stern
of
face, representing
Righteousness
overcoming
Wrong.
The artwork and design of the Casket is magnificent
but pride of place must be the bronze frieze than runs
round the shrine. Designed by Morris and Alice
Meredith Williams, it contains some sixty
representations of the men and women of all ranks and
services who served in the Great War.
There are
seven
stained
glass
windows
which
together
portray
in
three
groups :-
the birth
of
War on
the
west
wall; the
overthrow
of
War in
the
east
wall
and
Peace, Thanksgiving
and
Praise to
God
in
the
northerly
windows.
Around
the walls
beneath
the
windows
there
is the
stunning
bronze
frieze
which
depicts
the
various
types of
Scottish
soldiers, sailors, airmen, nurses
in
their
battle
dress as
they
lived
and
died.
All
Scotch
regiments
and
services
in
which
they
served are
depicted, and
even
the
animals - the
elephants, horses, dogs, canaries used in tunnelling
safety checks, and
carrier
pigeons
have
not
been
forgotten. Enlarged images of the frieze are
here. Frieze1
Frieze2
Frieze3.
The Hall
of
Honour
also has
eight
beautiful
stained
glass
windows
but
they
are
more
of
the
functional
kind. They
are
of
paler
glass and
include
the memorials
to the
Navy
and
Air
Force, the
war
at
Home, as
well as
the
Four
Seasons. The
long
walls
of
the Hall
are
pillared
and
separated
into
small
sanctuaries
dedicated
to
particular
regiments. Each
is
similar
yet with
an
emphasis
that is
special
to those
whose
memory
it
preserves. There
are
two
bays
where
are
commemorated
amongst
others
the
Padres, the
Womens` Services, the
Mercantile
Marine, the
Royal
Artillery. the Royal
Engineers,
the
Royal Army Service Corps,
the
Royal Army Medical Corps
and
the
Yeomanry.
Most
symbolic
of all
perhaps
is
the
carved
Pelican
above the
Porch
piercing
her
breast
for
drops
of
blood to
feed
her
young,
to
remind us
of
the self
sacrifice
of
those
commemorated
here. So
remember
too
that
these works
were
created
by
Scottish craftsmen, in
homage
to
Scottish
sons and
daughters, husbands, wives
and
lovers and
is no
less
than
a
Memorial
to
Scotland
itself.
When
you
go
home, tell
them
of
us and
say
`For your
tomorrows
these
gave
their
today `.
John Maxwell
Evans
1875 - 1958.

Reveille, part of the
Royal Marine Memorial.
Two poems by Wilfred Owen
The Green Fields of
France by Eric Bogle
Images enhanced from
tinted photographs in "The Scottish National War
Memorial" Introduced by Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton (1932).